RATIFICATION PAGE

                  Complete report of Basic Biology practicum with title “Introduction and using the Microscope” that arranged by:

              Name      : Sri Agustini

              ID           : 1312441018

              Class       : Physics ICP B

              Group     : III

              After it’s checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was accepted.

                                             Makassar, November 2013

Assistant Coordinator, ( Adi Putra Rahman ) ID. 0914141021

Assistant, ( Adi Putra Rahman ) ID. 0914141021

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.      Beckground

Along with the development of science and technology, has now found a lot of tools to solve problems. One of the discoveries was the microscope. The microscope is an instrument that is most widely used and most useful to the biology lab activity, because nearly all Biology courses require a microscope in a laboratory activity.

The microscope is a tool that allows us to observe objects that are so small that can’t be seen with the naked eye (less than 0.1 mm). This helps solve human problems of small organisms.

Based on the appearance of the object being observed, the microscope is divided into two kinds of two- dimensional microscopy (light microscopy/ monocular) and three- dimensional. The microscope is used for observation of two -dimensional objects transparent thin. Irradiation is given from below with natural light or light microscope while three- dimensional ( stereo microscope / binocular ) was used for observation of objects that are not too large, transparent or not. Illumination can be adjusted from above or from below with natural light or lights. Biological microscopes generally have ocular lens and the objective lens with a magnification strength as follows :

1.      Objective 4x and 10x eyepiece, 40x total magnification.

2.      10x objective and 10x eyepiece, 100x total magnification.

3.      40x objective and 10x eyepiece, 400x total magnification.

4.      100x objective and eyepiece 10x, the total magnification 1000x.

On the occasion of this lab will practik observation by microscope biology or monocular microscope with a magnification of the weakest (4x).

B.       Purpose

The purpose of this experiment to make student can useing the bilogy microscope to see the simple preparation.         

C.      Benefit

The benefit of this experiment is introduction  to student of the part of microscope. For the optic part of microscope or mecanik part of microscope and to know how to use microscope is right.

CHAPTER II

PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The development of instrument that exted the human sense has gone hand in hand with he advance of science. The microscopes first used by renaissance scientist, as well as the microscopes you are likely to use in the laboratory, are all light microscope. In a light microscope (LM). Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. Two important parameters in microscopy are magnification and resolving power or resulution. Magnification is the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size. Resulution is a measure of the clarity of the image. (Campbell,2008)   

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was an unlikely scientist. A tradesman of Delft, Holland, he came from a family of tradesmen, had no fortune, received no higher education or university degrees, and knew no languages other than his native Dutch. This would have been enough to exclude him from the scientific community of his time completely. Yet with skill, diligence, an endless curiosity, and an open mind free of the scientific dogma of his day, Leeuwenhoek succeeded in demaking some of the most important discoveries in the history of biology. It was he who discovered bacteria, free-living and parasitic microscopiceukaryotasy, sperm cells, blood cells, microscopic nematodes and rotifers, and much more. His researches, which were widely circulated, opened up an entire world of microscopic life to the awareness of scientists. Leeuwenhoek is known to have made over 500 "microscopes," of which fewer than ten have survived to the present day. In basic design, probably all of Leeuwenhoek's instruments -- certainly all the ones that are known -- were simply powerful magnifying glasses, not compound microscopes of the type used today. A drawing of one of Leeuwenhoek's "microscopes" is shown at the left. Compared to modern microscopes, it is an extremely simple device, using only one lens, mounted in a tiny hole in the brass plate that makes up the body of the instrument. The specimen was mounted on the sharp point that sticks up in front of the lens, and its position and focus could be adjusted by turning the two screws. The entire instrument was only 3-4 inches long, and had to be held up close to the eye; it required good lighting and great patience to use. (Berkeley, 2013)

The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. Galileo is sometimes credited with inventing the first simple microscope in 1610. Evidence points to the first compound microscope appearing in the netherlands in the 1620s, probably an inventio of eyeglass makers there. Two eyeglass makers there are variously given credit: Hans Lippershey (who developed an early telescope) and Zacharias Janssen (also claimed as the inventor of the telescope). Robert Hooke is also cited as a possible inventor of the compound microscope. There are other claims that the microscope and the telescope was invented by Roger Bacon in the 1200s. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for Galileo Galiliei’s compound microscope in 1625. The most common type of microscope (and the first invented) is the optical microscope. This is an Optical instrument containing one or more lenses producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane. Optical microscopes have Refreaction  glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1500x with a theoretical resulotion diffractio limit of around 0.2 micrometres or 200 nanometres. Specialized techniques may exceed this magnification but the resolution islimited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the near-fiels scanning optical microscope. Sarfus, a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometres) and isolated nano-objects (down to 2 nm-diameter). The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy. (Wikepedia, 2013)

A compound light microscope is an optical instrument that uses visible light to produce a magnified image of an object (or specimen) that is projected onto the retina of the eye or onto an imaging device. The word compound refers to the fact that two lenses, the objective lens and the eyepiece (or ocular). objective lens, which collects light diffracted by the specimen and forms a magnified real image at the real intermediate image plane near the eyepieces or oculars, and the condenser lens, which focuses light from the illuminator onto a small area of the specimen. We define real vs. virtual images and examine the geometrical optics of lenses and magnification.  Both the objective and condenser contain multiple lens elements that perform close to their theoretical limits and are therefore expensive. As these optics are handled frequently, they require careful attention. Other components less critical to image formation are no less deserving of care, including the tube and eyepieces, the lamp collector and lamp socket and its cord, filters, polarizers, retarders, and the microscope stage and stand with coarse and fine focus dials. (Dauglas B Murphy, 2001)

CHAPTER III

OBSERVATION METODE

A.    Time and Place

Day/date : Thursday, 21^st  november  2013

Time         : 16.00-18.00 WITA

Place         : Green House of Bilogy Departement FMIPA UNM

B.     Tools and Material

1.      Tools

1)      Biological microscopes

2)      Toolbox, containing:

ü  Glass objects

ü  Glass cover

ü  Tweezers

ü  Pipette hand

3)      New razor

4)      New flannel fabric

5)      Cotton cloth

6)      wipes

7)      books and pencils

2.     Materials

a)      Distilled water

b)    Filter paper or blotting paper

c)     Leaf hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)

d)    Onions (Allium cepa)

e)      Rhoeo discolor

C.    Experiment Method

1.      Firstly Prepare the microskop

2.      Laying microscope on the desk right in front of us

3.      Cleaning the microscope body with fabric panels.

4.      Open the toolbox, pull out the cover glass and glass objects. Cleaning cloth body with cotton cloth or filter paper.

5.      On the table there are only a microscope work, gear box with its contents, the guide book and notes, materials for the lab. Getting rid of the others in other places that have been provided.

6.      Rotate the regulator rough macrometer finger toward masters, Tubus down, distance objective with a smaller dosage table, then vice versa. Microscopes other models tubus oblique or could not go up and down, then the dosage table moves up and down when turning macrometer and micrometers.

7.      Installing glass objects containing dosage preparations mounted on the table such that the material was observed to be in the middle of the hole table, pinning objects with around the glass so as not to shake.

8.      Objective with a glass object distance of not more than 10 mm. If the distance was loose, then we rotate macrometer to lose Tubus while looking from the side closer to the objective end of the glass objects up to a maximum of 5-10 mm.

9.      Telescoped through the eyepiece while hand turning macrometer Tubus slowly raised. Observing the field of view until the shadows, if Tubus has raised half round macrometer not appear shadow, meaning missed, if there are shadows but still vague, then we telescoped hold while turning the micrometer up or down until the image is clear lines or boundaries.

10.  Checking magnification eyepiece and objective and the magnification of the image.

11.  Taking the glass objects that have been cleaned and then held evenly as possible.

12.  Dripping clear water or distilled water one drop in the middle.

13.  Repeal of the cotton or kapok fibers with tweezers and put it in the middle of the water droplets. Objeckt which will be observed as hibiscus leaves, Adam hawa using a razor blade to take part epidermisnya, and slice as thin as possible. As for the onion, we slice it as thin as possible after it is put in the preparations.

14.  The hand that holds the cover glass door between the master index finger to the opposite side or edge.

15.  Touching the side of the cover glass on glass objects near the water droplets with a slope of 45 ° and then released so right cover water droplets. Absorb excess water seeping edge glass with a tissue.

16.  Then observace the object by look it on the okuler lenas and plot that on the paper. Take a picture of that object to looking by surely.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCCUSION

A.    Experiment Result

Result of obejct	Result of media	Notes
		a.       Eyepieces (with ocular lenses ) b.      Arm c.       Mechanical stage control knobs (x- and y- axes) d.      Coarse focus knob e.       Fine focus knob f.       Base g.      Onjective lenses (four magnifications) h.      Mechanical stage i.        Substage light source j.        Brightness control knob k.      Inclined binocular tube l.        Knurled ring for field m.    Condenser diaphragm lever n.      Objective turret (nonsepiece)
Hibiscus tiliaceus enalargement 10 × 10
Allium  cepa enalargement  10 × 10		1.      Cell nucleus 2.      Cell wall 3.      Sytoplasma
Rhoeo discolor Enalargement 10 × 10		1.      Stomatal slit 2.      Neighboring cells 3.      Cell cover 4.      Chloroplast

Dicussion

The microscope is an optical instrument used to observe objects that are very small. Microscope make small objects appear more than what it actually is and microscopes make us see the detailed patterns that are not visible to the naked eye.
Microscope has the components of the fragile glass, in the form of lenses and mirrors.

To prevent eye fatigue when using a microscope, the distance between the eyes is necessary safe  guards  and eye piece. To determine this distance, the eye brought closer to the eye piece of a maximum distance of about 1 cm. The optimum distance is achieved when the field of view looks as much as possible and as sharp-sharp. In addition, the eyes of the other one must remain open. Observation starts by using an objective lens with magnification weak (eg10x). While observingthrough theeyepiece, macrometer rotated slowly sothe microscope tube ride. At such times, the image can be observe dalthough not so clear. To obtain a clearer picture, micrometer rotated so that it can be observe dimage sclearer and more focused. After observing the image by using an objective lens with weak magnification(10x), try the same object was observed by using a lens witha more powerful  magnification(eg40x) by means of a revolver rotated so that the 40x objective lens hole on the right leads to the stage.

So we should avoid treatments that can make a collision with the component.
Microscope has the technical components such as :

1.      Foot microscope, as place mats pedestal stand.

2.      Pole, where jointed arm microscope, or grip with axis inclination.

3.      Arm or grip microscope, which is held when appointed.

4.      Mirror, tool catcher and bounce off light.

5.      Regulatory condenser, when rotated to raise or lower the condenser.

6.      Condenser lens collects the light beam into a hole of the mirror table dosage.

7.      The diaphragm, a tool that can be closed and opened, regulating the amount of light that enter to the condenser.

8.      Table preparation, putting a glass objects (glass objects).

9.      Sengkeling, clamp or regulator layout preparation (glass objects).

10.  Mechanical propulsion, regulating device layout of objects on a glass table.

11.  Hole preparation table, a hole in the middle of the table preparation of the condenser where the passage of light entering the glass continues to object to the objective lens.

12.  Macrometer, coarse regulator, actuator Tubus up or down the rough.

13.  Micrometers, fine regulator, actuator Tubus upward or downward gently.

14.  Tubus or ocular tube, the upper end are the ocular lens.

15.  Revolver or objective player, the discs were attached objective lens sizes.

16.  Objective lens, which function is facing perpendicular to the table preparation, dosage and then raise it receives shadows.

17.  Ocular lens, which spied on by the observer's eye, receiving the shadow of objective and raised.

This experiment has been done with 3 object to observeace, and it uses the enalragment 10 ×10. The rsult is taken is different but when we using microsope the condition of the place  is there is not more light so we are diffiult to obesrvace that, th object was used are Leaf hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) Onions (Allium cepa) Rhoeo discolor

B.     Conclusion

The conclusion from this experiment is:

1.      The microscope is one of the important tools in biology lab activity, without microskop It is certain that we can not find the shadow of the object / preparations were observed.

2.      Students are able to recognize and know the biological microscope parts and their functions, as well as capable and skillful use of the biological microscopes quickly and safely to see the preparations simple.  

       C.    Suggestion

-          Laboratory
That suggestion for laboratory, to provide the cheir for apprantice.

-          Assistant
If apprentice made ​​a mistake on lab activities should be an assistant to givee direction to avoid mistakes in the next lab. Give us also the direction to make the report because some of us confused to make that report.

-          Student
Apprentice should be careful to using the tools that exist in the laboratory to avoid damage can happe .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek.html Accessed on ‎Thursday, ‎November ‎26^th, 2013, ‏‎23:35:01 am.

Campbell. BIOLOGY Eight edition. 2008. San Francsisco: Pearson

http://faculty.orangecoastcollege.edu/happ/docs/bio220/Anatomy%20Lab%2002%20The%20Microscope.pdf  download.html. Accessed on ‎Thursday, ‎November ‎27^th, 2013, ‏‎00:47:31 am.

Microscope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.html Accessed on ‎Thursday, ‎November ‎26^th, 2013, ‏‎22:26:15 pm.

Murphy Dauglas B. Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging. 2001. Canada:Wiley-liss

Tim Penyusun. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar.Makassar:Jurusan Biologi

FMIPA UNM

ATTACHMENT

Quistion !!!

1.        Write the name of the optical parts of the microscope!

2.        Write the name of the mechanical parts of the microscope!

3.        If the image in the view field will be shifted to the left-front, glass objects which direction / dosage should be shifted? Why is that?

4.        Write a negative effect on the microscope lens when rubbed with a cloth or plain paper / rough.

Answer

1.       The optics of the microscope; ocular lens, objective lens, condenser, and a mirror.

2.       The mechanics of the microscope; tube microscope, micrometer, revolvers, table preparation, sengkeling, arms, legs, joints iklinasi

3.       If the shadow in the view field will be shifted to the left-front, the glass objects should be shifted in the opposite direction to the shadows, because the nature of the ocular lens that receives the shadow of the objective lens is virtual, inverted and magnified.

4.       Negative effect on the microscope lens when rubbed with a cloth or plain paper / rough is the lens can become opaque and even be scratched so good microscope lens is no longer to be used, because if the lens has scratched when used to form the image of another that causes the shadow of the preparation is not clear